19th Century
John Stuart Mill
1806–1873 · On Liberty
The only rightful power over another person is to prevent harm.
In their words
“The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.”
Mill's On Liberty set out the harm principle: coercion is justified only to prevent injury to others, and over opinions, tastes and conduct the person herself is sovereign, even when she is a fool. He argued that suppressing opinion injures the majority more than the eccentric, that custom deadens character, and that social tyranny arrives before legal tyranny does.
Why it matters for freedom
He gave the freedom argument its simplest rule, and the burden of proof to whoever wants to use force.
Who they stood against
custom, the tyranny of the majority, and the state that enforced both
